The evolving dynamics of gender roles in society have been a subject of significant academic and policy interest, especially in the context of women’s participation in the labour market. Traditionally, women have been perceived as primary caregivers, their roles confined largely to the domestic sphere. However, with socio-economic transformations, increasing educational opportunities, and shifting cultural norms, women have progressively stepped into the workforce, reshaping the traditional narrative of gendered labor. This transition from domestic roles to active economic participation has profound implications not only for individual empowerment but also for the broader socio-economic fabric of society.
In ancient times, women were highly respected for their societal roles and the esteemed positions attributed to them in various religions. For instance, Islam honors women with the saying, “Paradise lies at the feet of the mother.” In Hinduism, women are often revered as goddesses, and the Hebrew Bible portrays them as victors, leaders, and heroines. However, over time, their roles have been diminished, reducing them to the confines of a housewife rather than recognizing them as community builders. In many instances, the birth of a girl is met with disdain rather than celebration, unlike the joy expressed at the birth of a boy. Why does this disparity persist? What fuels such discrimination? This issue is not a recent phenomenon but has existed since the dawn of humanity. The critical question remains: why has it not been resolved yet?
One of the primary reasons for this disparity is women’s limited contribution to the economy. This is largely due to insufficient guidance and awareness about their rights, both within the household and in society. A significant portion of the female population, particularly those from underprivileged and remote hilly areas, faces illiteracy, which prevents them from understanding and asserting their rights. Additionally, their lack of access to the digital revolution and modern technological tools further exacerbates the issue, leaving them marginalized in various spheres of life. The lack of secure and supportive environments often prevents women from stepping out of their homes and participating in the labor force, primarily due to the irresponsible behaviour of a few ignorant individuals.
Both men and women are vital components of human resources, capable of driving societal progress through innovative ideas and solutions. However, the systemic inflexibility and barriers women face significantly limit their potential, ultimately hindering the nation’s overall growth and development. Empowering women to contribute fully is not just a matter of equity but a strategic imperative for a thriving society. Both men and women possess unique attributes, each complementing the other in ways that are vital for a balanced society. While natural differences define their roles, these distinctions do not imply that women lack the courage or strength to excel in traditionally male-dominated domains. Unfortunately, societal norms often see men discouraging women from stepping into such roles to preserve their dominance. This mindset overlooks the reality that, with a little extra effort, women are equally capable of achieving success in these fields.
While many women have entered the workforce, they continue to face significant challenges. Despite contributing financially to their families, they often have limited control over their earnings, which are frequently subjected to the demands of husbands or in-laws. Moreover, the dual burden of balancing household responsibilities and professional obligations falls disproportionately on women, even when both spouses share similar jobs. Collaborative efforts by couples to share both domestic and professional duties could significantly alleviate the pressures faced by working women, benefiting not only their families but also society at large. However, initiating this shift in mindset must begin with men.
A significant challenge arises from the ego-driven resistance of some men, who feel threatened by their wives achieving higher status or positions. This often leads to mental strain and emotional turmoil within the family. Instead of succumbing to societal pressures, women should be encouraged to embrace leadership roles, innovate, and contribute as problem solvers rather than remaining mere followers. Parental attitudes further hinder women’s progress. Many families view a son’s income as a permanent asset, given that daughters traditionally leave their parental homes after marriage. This belief leads to less investment in girls’ higher education and reluctance to allow them to pursue opportunities beyond local or regional boundaries. As a result, many women remain deprived of the skills and exposure necessary for personal and professional growth.
Another barrier to women’s workforce participation lies in societal norms during their formative years. Young women, particularly between 14 and 25, may become entangled in emotional distractions that hinder intellectual and professional development. While men often spend this time building social networks or earning a living, women are more likely confined to their homes, leaving them vulnerable to unproductive thoughts and activities. On a broader scale, an imbalance between women’s workforce participation and fertility rates poses long-term risks.
Countries like Japan and China are grappling with aging populations and declining birth rates, partially driven by trends such as delayed marriages, prolonged education, and financial independence leading to extended singlehood. These issues could potentially impact the progress of nations like India if not addressed immediately. Policymakers must take proactive steps to strike a balance between encouraging women’s workforce participation and maintaining sustainable fertility rates. Empowering women through education, equitable treatment, and shared responsibilities is essential for enhancing productivity and ensuring the growth and development of the country. Ultimately, fostering equality and collaboration across genders will create a more inclusive and prosperous society.
(The Author is Assistant Professor at Higher education Department J&K)
