As we all known that the Kashmir Valley supports a mosaic of habitats ranging from temperate forests to alpine meadows. Livelihoods of rural people depend largely on agriculture, horticulture, pastoralism and small-scale forestry, bringing people and domestic animals into close proximity with wild species; where habitats overlap and resources (food, water, shelter) become limited or attractable, leading to conflict. Man–animal conflict (MAC) leads to loss of human life and injury, crop and livestock damage, retaliatory killing of wild animals, and social unrest all of which undermine conservation goals and local livelihoods. (MAC) in the Kashmir Valley is an increasingly visible and complex conservation and public-safety challenge nowadays. The Valley’s rich biodiversity and dense human settlements, coupled with changing land use pattern, climate variability, and rising human pressures, have intensified encounters between people and wildlife notably brown/black bears, leopards, wild boar, monkeys etc. Black/Brown bears commonly are seen in picture during crop raiding in orchards, fruit harvest seasons and garbage dumping sites. Leopards mostly appear due to lack of prey base, increasing dog population and improper waste management which attract these leopards on streets and roads. Wild boar usually come out more frequently during harvest seasons, winter/ scarcity time, after habitat disturbance, during breeding seasons and is found mostly near orchards and field edges. Sometimes monkeys which have a nuisance behaviour, mostly become a part of conflict due to habitat loss, seasonal shortages, poor waste management, orchard expansion and are found of raiding of kitchens and small orchards. Talking about principal drivers of this man animal conflict in Kashmir may include seasonal pressures and climate variability, changing land use and food availability, food conditioning and habituation, habitat fragmentation and loss, population growth and human encroachment, lack of community awareness and inadequate livestock protection and improper waste management. Management must be interdisciplinary and locally adapted including the following framework which integrates veterinary, ecological, social, and administrative actions. Improved waste management being the first and foremost, animal-proof garbage collection points and community composting centres to reduce attractants, is the basic thing which is to be implemented. Another thing is orchard and crop protection by use of early-warning lights, noise-makers, guarding, and temporary barriers during fruiting seasons; planting sacrificial crops as buffers that can also help in prevention of these conflicts. Then comes the livestock management by keeping proper night enclosures (predator-proof corrals), supervised grazing, and guardian animals (dogs) to help to prevent episodes of man animal conflict. Veterinary extension services which promote vaccination drives and proper carcass disposal contribute and avoid attracting scavengers. Lastly habitat management and corridors, in which we have to maintain and restore habitat patches, create buffer zones and wildlife corridors to reduce the need for animals to cross human areas.  Our plan of work should incorporate fully trained, well-equipped wildlife rescue and response teams able to respond to calls for injured, trapped, or problem animals under supervision of our veterinary wing is essential so that the work is taken with utmost care and clear SOPs for capture, chemical immobilization, humane handling, treatment, and either rehabilitation or translocation are achieved. A centralized reporting system (toll-free number or local hotline) to log incidents, dispatch teams, and record data for trend analysis is also required for to track hotspots, frequency, species involved, and outcomes. Then comes the community-based management plans which involve local communities in surveillance, formation of village man animal conflicts involving mohalla heads, orchard owners, herders and youth. Committees must coordinate with our department control rooms during conflicts regularly), volunteers, early-warning (night patrols, village monitoring animal movements via wasp groups, phone alerts, installing of community watch towers in orchards and crop rich areas),community awareness and education programs at school level, mohalla/village level awareness programmes , regular outreach, and training for frontline staff (forest guards, village leaders) to improve coexistence strategies and reduce fear and myths about wildlife. Additionally, use of an electric fencing and solar-powered lights, strategically placed around high-value orchards and other vulnerable places can prove helpful along with livestock corrals with strengthened roofing and walls which can prevent opportunistic predation by leopards and nocturnal raids. Use of non-lethal deterrents including acoustic devices, flashing lights, chilli-based repellents, and trained shepherding is also important. Regarding disease surveillance and one health approaches (monitoring for zoonotic diseases), post-incident medical care and first aid along with veterinary treatment for injured wildlife to improve survival and welfare is also very essential. Simultaneously when conflict leads to injury or death of animals (wild or domestic), veterinary forensic investigations have a role to identify causes and inform mitigation (e.g., poisonings, snares, poaching, trauma, electrocutions, gunshots, vehicular collisions). Tail piece Conflicts between wildlife and humans cost many lives, both human and wildlife, threaten livelihoods, and jeopardize long-term conservation goals such as securing protected areas and building constituencies in support of biodiversity. Human animal conflict in the Kashmir Valley is not an inevitable byproduct of conservation it is a manageable socio-ecological problem. With coordinated, community centred strategies that combine prevention, rapid response, veterinary care, technical supervision, and policy support, it is possible to reduce conflict, protect livelihoods, and conserve the valley’s wildlife.   (Author is Wildlife Veterinary officer Kashmir region. Feedback: email: mohsingazi9975@gmail.com)